一、异相聚合机理的提出者

异相聚合包含传统的乳液聚合、（亚）微乳液聚合、沉淀聚合、分散聚合、反相乳液聚合等等，因此，异相聚合机理又称统一的高分子（亚、纳）微粒子形成机理。

1.  B. Zhu, H.-M. Ni*, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2023, app54880.“Evidence of Gel Effect and Living Free Radicals in Particles: Soap-freeEmulsion Polymerization of Styrene by Using AIBN”.

2.  Xu X.-H., Xia Y.-F., Qian J.-J, Yu H.-H., Zhong Y.-Y.,Wang F., Zhou C., Ni H.-M.* Li Cuihong, ChemistrySelect, 2021, 6, 6926-6936. “Roles of proton in the formation of microspheres: precipitation polymerization of styrene in alcohols”。

3.  Xu X.-H., Xia Y.-F., Qian Jiajia, Yu Haihua, ZhongYangyang, Wang Fei, Zhou Chuan, Ni H.-M.* ChemistrySelect, 2021, 6(4), 557-568, “Roles of proton on the formation of particles: soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene by using AIBN and KPS as initiator.”

4.  Ni, H.-M,* Wu, M.; Li, M.; Wang,H.-L.; Sun, Y.-M. Polymer Chemistry, 2010,1(6), 899-907.“Quasi-static particle formation of poly(acrylamide/methacrylic acid) in ethanol by using V-65 as initiator”。

5.  Ni, H.-M,* Kawaguchi, H., Endo, T. Macromolecules, 2007, 40, 6370 “Preparation and application of amphoteric hydrogel microsphere with novel pH-volume transition”

6.  Ni, H.-M,*Kawaguchi, H., Endo, T. Colloid Polym Sci, 2007,285(8), 873-879, “Characteristics of pH-sensitive hydrogel microsphere of poly(Acrylamide/ Methacrylic acid) with sharp pH-volume transition”

7.  Ni, H.-M,* Kawaguchi, H., Endo, T. Colloid Polym Sci, 2007,285(7), 819-826 “Preparation of pH-sensitive hydrogel microsphere of poly(Acrylamide/ Methacrylic acid) with sharp pH-volume transition”

8.  Ni, H.-M.*; Kawaguchi , H. J Polym Sci, Part A, Polym Chem,2004, 42(11), 2833. “Mechanism of preparing monodispersed poly(acrylamide/methacrylic acid) microspheres in ethanol II”

9.  Ni, H.-M.*; Kawaguchi, H. J Polym Sci, Part A, Polym Chem,2004, 42(11), 2823. “Mechanism of preparing monodispersed poly(acrylamide/methacrylic acid) microspheres in ethanol I”

10.  Ni, H.-M.*; Du, Y.-Z; Ma, G.-H;Nagai, M; Omi, S. Macromolecules, 2001,34(19), 6577. “Mechanism of emulsion polymerization: the characteristics of the reaction in the aqueous phase, monomer phase and their interface”.

11.  Ni, H.-M.; Ma, G.-H; Nagai, M;Omi, S.* J Appl Polym Sci, 2001,82, 2692. “Effects of ethyl acetate on the soap-free emulsion polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine and styrene. Aspects of the mechanism (II)”.

12.  Ni, H.-M.; Ma, G.-H; Nagai, M;Omi, S.* J Appl Polym Sci, 2001,82, 2679. “Effects of ethyl acetate on the soap-free emulsion polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine and styrene. Aspects of the mechanism (I)”.

二、疏水相互作用的本质及胶体科学新理论的提出者

 疏水相互作用的本质：疏水分子的水合层带负电，对质子（氢离子）具有亲和性。

H.-M. Ni*, J.Mol. Liquids, 2022, 368, 120690. “On the Hydrophobic Hydration, Solvation and Interface: A Thought Essay (I)”

三、新气态方程及热力学的提出者

三百年来，寻找真实气体气态方程的旅途总算有了结果！结束了化工、催化、能源等领域中依赖经验方程的时代，为计算溶解度、比热、热传导、相图等开辟了新途径。

没有所谓的理想气体和实际气体之分！！！

范德华（van der Waals）提出的实际气体方程在概念上和形式上都是错误的，误导了气态方程研究三百年，如三项式方程（Cubic Eqation）、Viral Equation等等。

有关强迫热平衡的状态方程，即等温、等压以及等容的状态方程，请看文章。

1.   X.-Y. Cui, L.Y. Liu, M.K. Jiang,  Q.F. Shao, H.-M. Ni*, ACSOmega, 2024, Accepted.“On the Molecular Symmetry and Latent Heat”

 2.  X.-Y. Cui, L.Y. Liu, M.K. Jiang,  Q.F. Shao, H.-M. Ni*, ACS Omega, 2024, Accepted. “Simplified State Equations at Saturation and Isotherm.”

3.  X.-Y. Cui, B. Zhu, H.-M. Ni*, ChemistrySelect, 2024. 9(12),e202304699. “A New Model for Specific Heat Capacity of Real Gas”.

4.   H.-M. Ni*, B. Zhu, ChemRxiv, 2022, Preprint. “A new state equation of real gases.” SSRN 4334062, DOI:10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-5m718-v4.

三、大一统力学的提出者

力是热的线性梯度，表达热传递的强度。

H.-M. Ni*, ChemRxiv,2024, Preprint, “Unified Mechanics on Thermodynamics, Classical Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics.” DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-35kds-v5.// arXiv, 2024, e-Preprint, arXiv: 2408.06005, http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.06005.

其中温差力的a为加速度。牛顿第二定律描述忽略密度变化的温差力，万有引力是一种综合力。

Lennard-Jones分子间平衡距离的计算公式是错误的。

由于质量相差太大，导致电子与质子的温差很大，因此电子与质子之间的相互作用是温差力，表现为吸引力。

电荷的概念是多余的。

有关计算的说明，即原子结构、第一电离能和化学键能等，请看文章。

化学键振动及系统势能尚在计算中。

四、其它

1.        Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Tariq, Zia Ur Rehman,*Shanshan Yao, Bing Zhu, Henmei Ni,* Muhammad Samiuddin, KhalidAli Khan, Magdi E. A. Zaki, RSC Adv., 2024,14, 27831-27842. “A tremella-like in situ synthesis of ZIF-67Co(OH) F@Co3O4 oncarbon cloth as an electrode material for supercapacitors”

2.    Nighat Zarshad, Annis Ur Rahman, Jianghua Wu,Asad Ali, Fazal Raziq, Lu Han, Peng Wang, Guigen Li,* H.-M. Ni*, Chem. Eng. J., 2021, 415, 128967. “Enhancedenergy density and wide potential window for K-MnO2@carbon clothsupercapacitor”

3.       Zarshad, Nighat; Khan, Iltaf; Rahman, Anis;Ali, Asad; Wan, Chun Peng; Khan, Shoaib; Yasmeen, Humaira; Qadar, Naveed; Qi,Kezhen; Ni , H.-M.,* J.Chinese Chem. Soc., 2021, 68: 569-581, “Improved visiblelight photocatalytic activities of carboxylate functionalized polystyrene@Fe3O4nanocomposite and its mechanism insight”. 

4.       Xia Y.-F., Xu X.-H., Zarshad Nighat, Pang Bo, NiH.-M.* Colloids Polym. Sci. 2021,299: 663-674, “Preparation of Zwitterionic Microspheres of PDMAEMA-b-PMAAby RAFT Dispersion Polymerization in Alcohol, Their pH-sensitivity in Water andSelf-assembly in KCl Solution”.

5.       Nighat Zarshad, Jianghua Wu, Anis Ur Rahman, AsadAli, Ce Qiu, Ruziguli Aisha, RuiGao, Yu Xie, H.-M. Ni * Solid State Sci., 2021, 112,106530, “Binder and conductive agent-free electrode for the excellentaqueous asymmetrical supercapacitor”.

6.       Nighat Zarshad, Jianghua Wu, Annis Ur Rahman, Haihua Yu, Asad Ali, H.-M. Ni* Solid State Sci. 2020, 106,106138， “Green and environmental-friendly method to synthesize template free nanograss-flower hierarchical manganese dioxide for high performance supercapacitor”. 

7.       Nighat Zarshad, Jianghua Wu, Annis Ur Rahman, MuhammadTariq, Asad Ali, H.-M. Ni * Mat. Sci. Eng. B, 2020, 259, 114610. “MnO2nanospheres electrode composed of low crystalline ultra-thin nanosheets forhigh performance and high rate supercapacitors”

8.       Nighat Zarshad, Jianghua Wu, Annis Ur Rahman, H.-M.Ni * J. Electanal. Chem.,2020, 871, 114266. “Fe-MnO2 core-shell heterostructure for high-performanceaqueous asymmetrical supercapacitor”.

9.       Haihua Yu，Xiuhang Xu, Yunfei Xia, Mingzhen Pan, Nighat Zarshad, Bo Pang, Anis UrRahman, Min Wu, H.-M. Ni*, e-Polymers,2020, 20, 303-316，“Synthesis of a novel modified chitosan and its synergistic effect withOMMT as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin”

10.       Haihua Yu, Yunfei Xia, Xiuhang Xu, Zarshad Nighat,Min Wu, H.-M. Ni*，J Appl Polym Sci, 2020, app 49256. “Preparation oforganic/inorganic intumescent flame retardant with phosphorus, nitrogen and siliconand its flame retardant effect for epoxy resin.” 

11.    Ni H.-M.*; Pan M.Z.; Shi K.; ZhouJ.H.; Wu M. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn., 2019, 91:216–224, “Preparation ofisometric Liesegang patterns and application in multi-pulsed drug releasesystem”.

12.    Ni H.-M.*; Yang, Y.D.; Wu, M. J. Appl.Polym. Sci, 2017, 134(47), app.45541 “Preparation of Poly (NaSS-co-HEMA)self-supporting nanofilation membrane with high ionic permselectivity byElectrospinning”. 

13.    Ni H.-M.*; Yang, Y.D.; Chen,Y.X.; Shi, K.; Zhou, J.H.; Wu, M. e-Polymers, 2017, 17(2), 149–157, “Preparationof Poly (DMAEMA-co-HEMA) self-supporting nanofilation membrane with high ionicpermselectivity by Electrospinning”. 

14.    Ni H.-M.*; Liu, J.-X.; Zhang,L.J.; Yang, Y.D.; Min, W. RSC Advances, 2016, 6, 58218-58225, “PMAA-based RAFT dispersionpolymerization of MMA in ethanol: conductivity, block length and self-assembly”

15.    Chen G.-X.; Liu J.-X.;Yang Y.-D.; Zhang L.-J.; Wu M.; Ni,H.-M.* Colloid Polym Sci, 2015, 293,2035-2044 “Preparation of pH-sensitivenanoparticles of poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA) / poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)(PVP) by ATRP-template miniemulsion polymerization in the aqueous solution”

16.    Ni, H.-M.*; ZhangH.; Chen G.-X.; LiuJ.-X.; Yang Y.-D.; Zhang L.-J.; Wu M.; Zhan K.; Chen Y.-L. Chinese J Polym Sci, 2014, 32(10), 1400-1412, “Partition ofinitiators in the quasi-static precipitation polymerization of AAm/MAc”

17.    Zhang H.; ZhanK.; Chen,Y.-L.; Chen, G.-X.; Zhang,L.-J.; WuM. Ni H.-M.* J Sol-Gel Sci Techn, 2014, 71(3), 597-605, “Three-dimensionalLRs of calcium hydrophosphate in gelatin”

18.    Zhan K.; Li, M.; Chen, Y.-L.; Zhang H.; Chen, G.-X.; Liu, J.X.; Wu M.; Ni H.-M.* Colloid Polym Sci, 2014, 292, 1553–1565. “Charges of solubleamphiphiles and particles: Random and diblock copolymerizationsof MAA/AAm, MAA/St and MAA/4VPin ethanol”.

19.    Zhan K.; Liu H.-L.; Zhang H.; Chen Y.-L; Ni H.-M.*; Wu M.; Sun D.-M.*; Chen, Y. JElectroanalytic Chem, 2014,724, 80-86, “Afacile method for the immobilization of myoglobin on multi-walled carbon nanotubes:poly(methacrylic acid-co-acrylamide) nanocomposite and its application fordirect bio-detection of H2O2”.

20.    Chen, Y.-L.; Cui, Y.-M.; Jia, Y.-S.; Zhan K.; ZhangH.; Chen, G.-X.; Yang, Y.-D.;WuM.; Ni H.-M.* J Appl Polym Sci, 2014, 131(17),40716. “Preparation of charged mosaic (CM) membrane of sodiumpolystyrene sulfonate (PNaSS) and poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) by conjugateelectrospinning”.

21.    Yang, C.-C.; Meng, D.; Zhan, K.; Chen, Y.-L.; Zhang,H.; Wu, M.; Ni, H.-M.* Chinese J Polym Sci, 2014,32(4), 467-487. “ATRP-template Dispersion Polymerization of Methacrylic Acid/PVP”. 

一，异相聚合机理提出者

异相聚合是乳液聚合、分散/沉淀聚合、亚微（mini）乳液聚合、微（micro）乳液聚合以及反相乳液聚合等制备高分子纳微粒子聚合方法的总称。过去，人们普遍认为每种聚合方法都有其独特的纳微粒子形成机理。2001年本人提出“纳微单体液滴成核及单体传输机理”将所有机理统合起来，形成了统一的异相聚合机理。经过二十年来的验证，该机理基本为世界同行所接受。

      现在基于该机理的聚合动力学模型一直没有建立起来，期待有心人来合作完成。

有兴趣了解该机理的同学可以参阅下列代表性文献：

1. Ni, H.-M,* Wu, M.; Li, M.; Wang, H.-L.; Sun, Y.-M. Polymer Chemistry, 2010, 1(6), 899-907.“Quasi-static particle formation of poly(acrylamide/methacrylic acid) in ethanol by using V-65 as initiator”

2. Ni, H.-M.*; Kawaguchi, H. J Polym Sci, Part A, Polym Chem, 2004, 42(11), 2833. “Mechanism of preparing monodispersed poly(acrylamide/methacrylic acid) microspheres in ethanol II” 

3. Ni, H.-M.*; Kawaguchi, H. J Polym Sci, Part A, Polym Chem, 2004, 42(11), 2823. “Mechanism of preparing monodispersed poly(acrylamide/methacrylic acid) microspheres in ethanol I”

4. Ni, H.-M.*; Du, Y.-Z; Ma, G.-H; Nagai, M; Omi, S. Macromolecules, 2001, 34(19), 6577. “Mechanism of emulsion polymerization: the characteristics of the reaction in the aqueous phase, monomer phase and their interface”.

5. Ni, H.-M.; Ma, G.-H; Nagai, M; Omi, S.* J Appl Polym Sci, 2001, 82, 2692. “Effects of ethyl acetate on the soap-free emulsion polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine and styrene. Aspects of the mechanism (II)”. 

6. Ni, H.-M.; Ma, G.-H; Nagai, M; Omi, S.* J Appl Polym Sci, 2001, 82, 2679. “Effects of ethyl acetate on the soap-free emulsion polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine and styrene. Aspects of the mechanism (I)”.

二、疏水相互作用的本质及胶体科学的基础

油水不相容——疏水相互作用是一个“古老的”概念，但其本质一直是秘密。本人基于水合作用的分析，提出疏水作用实质上是水合层与氢离子的相互作用。据此，首次推导了气体溶解度和气液界面张力的计算公式，给予“相似相溶”原理以定量的数学表达，解决了长期以来困惑胶体学术界的问题。但是如何将此理论推向溶液化学，仍然是个未解决的问题。

1. Xu X.-H., Xia Y.-F., Qian Jiajia, Yu Haihua., Zhong Yangyang, Wang Fei, Zhou Chuan, Ni H.-M.* ChemistrySelect, 2021, 6, 6926-6936. “Roles of proton in the formation of microspheres: precipitation polymerization of styrene in alcohols”.

2. Xu X.-H., Xia Y.-F., Qian Jiajia, Yu Haihua, Zhong Yangyang, Wang Fei, Zhou Chuan, Ni H.-M.* ChemistrySelect, 2021, 6(4), 557-568, “Roles of proton on the formation of particles: soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene by using AIBN and KPS as initiator”.

3. Ni, H.-M.* Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2022, 368, 120690. "On the hydrophobic hydrate, solvation and interface: A thought essay (I)"

三、新气态方程及热力学   

         如果你厌烦了那些实际气体状态方程诸如三项式、Viral方程、……，厌烦了那些似是而非的自由能等，那么新热力学给你提供一个简单的世界：没有内能、焓、熵、自由能、化学势，没有这可逆那平衡，只有热、摩尔体积、压强和温度。

          现在还有许多验证工作以及定量性的工作，期待“仰望星空”者来合作完成。

有兴趣了解这方面内容的同学可参阅下列代表性文献：

1. Ni, H.-M.*, Zhu, B. (Preprint) ChemRxiv, 2024，"A general and simple state equation of all gases" 

2. X.-Y. Cui, B. Zhu, H.-M. Ni*, ChemistrySelect, 2024. 9(12),e202304699. “A New Model for Specific Heat Capacity of Real Gas”. DOI: 10.1002/slct.202304699.

3. X.-Y.Cui, L.Y. Liu, M.K. Jiang, H.-M. Ni*, Q.F. Shao, ACS Omega, 2025, 10 (8), 8440-8447. “Simplified State Equations at Saturationand Isotherm.” DOI:10.1021/acsomega.4c10390

4. H.-M. Ni*, ChemRxiv, 2025, Preprint. “On Molecular Symmetry, Latent Heat and Entropy.” DOI:10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-dtd2t.

四、大一统力学

力的定义：热传输的线性强度（梯度）。与牛顿力学相比，这个定义告诉了产生力的原因和目的。

力的种类：相对温差力和相对数量体积密度差力。力不再是点对点的形态，力是相对的。

力的性质：旋转力（吸引）和排斥力。世界并非只有“万有引力”！

    如果你被复杂而难懂的物理学概念和公式困扰，那么大一统力学将告诉你一个崭新的、简单的世界：没有电、没有磁、没有时间、没有量子、没有暗物质和暗能量、没有黑洞，只有温度（动能）、势能和空间。电子是构成世界的最基本素子，它们凝聚成质子（中子是低温质子），再构成原子（热力学系统）和分子（也是热力学系统），再再构成宏观的热力学系统。光是热电子向冷电子传输能量的形式。

   只要测量出原子的直径，那么一切皆可简单计算。例如，利用原子半径可以算出电子的温度；第一电离能就是原子最外层电子的动能；化学键能就是成键电子的动能减去起初的电子动能；光的波粒二象性是由电子旋转和分子内核转动造成的——光子能量由冷热电子的相对频率决定，光频率由核转动频率定。光是有目的地的“信使”，而不是现在物理学中无目的地的“漫游者”——谁想自由奔放就发光。我们看到太阳发光是因为我们体内的电子温度低。没有宇宙中低温电子的存在，太阳的光发给谁呢？等等。据此，可以问一下爱因斯坦先生了，“您那参照系里的光是哪来的？”“您在加速系统中谁才有资格给您光？”……

有兴趣的看下列文献：

1. H.-M. Ni*, ChemRxiv,2025, “Unified Mechanics on Thermodynamics, Classical Mechanics, andQuantum Mechanics.”Preprint, DOI:10.26434/chemrxiv-2024 -35kds-v6. 或 arXiv,2025,2408.06005,http://arxiv.org/abs/2408.06005.

五、其它研究方向

阻燃剂的制备，pH-敏感性粒子的制备，药物释放系统的制备等